Glossary

What is Wi-Fi? Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a family of wireless network protocols based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. It enables devices to exchange data using radio waves, providing wireless local area networking (WLAN) and internet access. Wi-Fi allows us to connect to the internet and other devices without cables. Infographic: Brief information about Wi-Fi…

What is WAN? A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunications infrastructure traverses extensive geographical distances. It serves to interconnect Local Area Networks (LANs) and other networks, facilitating communication and resource sharing among devices situated in various locales. WANs are indispensable for enterprises, academic institutions, and government organizations seeking to function across dispersed geographical regions…

What is VoIP? Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced technology that facilitates voice and multimedia communication over the Internet. In contrast to conventional telephone lines that utilize the public switched telephone network (PSTN), VoIP transmits voice calls as compact data packets rather than a continuous signal. This methodology is not only more efficient…

What is VPN? A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a secure connection method used to add privacy and security to private and public networks, such as the internet. VPNs create a secure tunnel between the user’s device and a remote server, allowing data to be transmitted securely over an existing network. Technical Foundations of VPNs…

What is User Interface (UI)? User Interface (UI) is the point of interaction between humans and machines. It is how users communicate with software, applications, websites, and other digital systems. The primary goal of UI is to facilitate effective operation and decision-making by presenting information and functionality in an intuitive and user-friendly manner. Informative illustration…

What is a URL? A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet. It is fundamental for identifying and locating resources on the web, allowing users to access specific web pages, documents, or any other digital resource available on the internet. URLs are a subset of Uniform Resource…

What is Ultra-Wideband (UWB)? Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a wireless communication technology that allows short-range, high-bandwidth communications with low-energy usage. It is characterized by its ability to transmit information across a wide bandwidth, utilizing a large portion of the radio spectrum to transmit data. This wide bandwidth allows for high-data-rate communications without interference, enabling various industry…

What is 2FA? Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is a security measure that adds another layer of protection to online accounts, enhancing security by requiring two different authentication factors for access. Illustration of the three fundamental types of multi-factor authentication Types of Authentication Factors To understand 2FA, it is essential to explore the three main types of…

What is Cell Phone Triangulation? Cell phone triangulation is a technique used to determine the approximate location of a cell phone by analyzing the signals it exchanges with nearby cell towers. The term is also known as cell tower triangulation or mobile phone triangulation. How does triangulation work? Cell phone triangulation works by leveraging the…

What is Tracking Notification on iPhone? The Tracking Notification on iPhone is a system alert informing users when apps request permission to track their activity across other companies’ apps and websites. This privacy feature by Apple empowers users to control their data by granting or denying permission to apps seeking to monitor their behavior for…

What is Timestamp? A timestamp is a digital marker that records the exact date and time of a specific event or action. It functions like a chronological label to understand the sequence of events within a particular context. Timestamps are crucial in various fields, including computer science, data analysis, and record-keeping. Different Variations of Timestamps…

What is SIM Card? A SIM card, or Subscriber Identity Module, is a small electronic chip inserted into a mobile device to identify and authenticate the user on a cellular network. This crucial component enables mobile communications and connects users to various services their network operators provide. SIM cards are typically made of PVC (polyvinyl…

What is Stealth Mode in Software? Stealth mode is a feature found in various software, allowing it to run seamlessly and unobtrusively in the background without any interruptions. This feature enhances user experience by ensuring that the software’s operations do not interfere with the user’s tasks. Infographic: definition of Stealth Mode in software, with examples,…

What is Spam? Spam is the act of sending unsolicited, bulk electronic messages. These messages can take various forms, including emails, instant messages, forum posts, social media messages, and mobile phone notifications.  Spam is often used for commercial purposes, such as promoting products or services, but it can also be used for non-commercial purposes, such…

What is SaaS? The Software as a Service (SaaS) is a method of delivering software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. SaaS applications are centrally hosted by the provider and accessed by users via a web browser or mobile app. This eliminates the need for businesses to install and maintain software on individual…

What are Significant Locations? Significant Locations are geographical areas that a person frequently visits or spends a considerable amount of time at. Devices or applications automatically track and record these locations to provide personalized services or data analytics. Examples include a person’s home, workplace, favorite store, or a park they often visit. Key features Significant…

What is SSID? The Service Set Identifier (SSID) is a unique identifier used in wireless networking, specifically within the IEEE 802.11 standards. It serves to group wireless network devices into service sets, facilitating communication and connectivity between these devices. Educational graphic illustrating the concept of Service Set Identifier (SSID) as it relates to wireless networking…

What is a Screencast? A screencast is a digital recording of a computer screen output, typically accompanied by audio narration or captions. It is an effective tool for tutorials, software demonstrations, presentations, and more, as it offers a dynamic experience that showcases entire processes or workflows in real time. Screencasts often include additional enhancements such…

What is Screen Time? Screen time is the total amount of time an individual spends using electronic devices with screens. These devices include smartphones, tablets, computers, televisions, and video game consoles. Screen time encompasses various activities such as browsing the internet, playing video games, watching videos, using social media, and working on computers. Infographic: Impact…

What is Scam? A scam is a fraudulent scheme or deceptive practice designed to manipulate and deceive individuals for personal gain. Scammers employ various tactics to trick their victims into parting with their money, personal information, or other valuable assets. These schemes often exploit human vulnerabilities like greed, desperation, and gullibility. Infographic explaining the concept…

What is SafeSearch? SafeSearch is an integral content filtering system incorporated within Google Search and Google Images, developed to limit the display of explicit and potentially offensive material in search results. This feature plays a crucial role in ensuring a secure and family-friendly online browsing experience by restricting access to pornographic, violent, and other objectionable…

What is Safari? Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. It serves as the default browser on Apple’s operating systems, including macOS, iOS, and iPadOS. Introduced in January 2003, it has gained popularity among Apple users for its design, user-friendliness, and seamless integration with the Apple ecosystem. Safari is known for its fast…

What is Rooting? Rooting is a process of finding and exploiting loopholes within the Android operating system to gain administrative access. Rooting allows Android users to obtain a superuser access to modify system files and perform advanced operations that are usually restricted. This includes customizing the devices, installing unsupported applications, removing unwanted bloatware, and even…

What is Reverse Phone Lookup? Reverse phone lookup is the process of searching for the owner and associated information of a specific phone number. Unlike a traditional phone directory, where you look up a person’s contact details by name, reverse phone lookup allows you to find their name and other information by entering their phone…

What is Reverse Geocoding? Reverse geocoding is a process that transforms geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) into a human-readable address. It is the opposite of forward geocoding, which converts addresses into coordinates. Reverse geocoding identifies the closest address or location associated with a given pair of coordinates, utilizing a vast and continuously updated database of…

What is RTLS? The Real-time Locating System (RTLS) is a technology used to track the location of objects or people in real time within confined areas. It provides accurate and up-to-date information about the position and movement of assets, enabling organizations to improve efficiency, enhance safety, and streamline operations. Components of an RTLS An RTLS…

What is QR Code? A QR Code (Quick Response Code) is a two-dimensional barcode that can store significantly more information than traditional one-dimensional barcodes. QR codes consist of black squares arranged in a grid on a white background, along with unique markers to facilitate scanning. QR Code Insights: A concise explanation of the components and…

What Are Public Records? Public records are information created or received by government agencies during official business that is accessible to the public. These records encompass a wide range of documents and serve as a vital source of information about government activities and individuals. Infographic: Definitions and images of examples of Public Records categories Categories…

What is a Proxy Server? A Proxy Server is an intermediary application in computer networking that acts as a bridge between clients and servers. It receives requests from clients, such as web browsers, and forwards those requests to the appropriate servers. The server’s response is then sent back to the proxy server, which in turn…

What is Precision Finding? Precision Finding is a technology that enables users to accurately locate specific objects using a combination of technologies such as Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and augmented reality. This technology often integrates with smartphones or other devices to provide real-time, directional guidance to find lost items. Key Features High AccuracyUtilizes UWB and BLE…

What is phone carrier? A phone carrier, also known as a Mobile Network Operator (MNO), is a company licensed to provide cellular network services to mobile phone users. MNOs build and maintain the infrastructure that allows us to make calls, send texts, and access the internet on our mobile devices. Core Components of Mobile Network…

What is Phishing? Phishing is a deceptive tactic employed by cybercriminals to dupe individuals into divulging sensitive information, encompassing passwords, credit card particulars, and social security numbers, among others. This tactic exploits human psychology and reliance on trust. Formally speaking, phishing can be defined as the fraudulent maneuver aimed at acquiring sensitive data by impersonating…

What are Parental controls? Parental controls are a helpful collection of tools and features specifically crafted to assist parents in keeping an eye on and guiding their children’s internet activities. They enable parents to establish limits, sift through content, and restrict access to particular features or websites, all with the aim of fostering a more…

What is Network? A network, within the realm of computing, is an intricate system that bridges computers and various devices, allowing them to interact and collaborate in the sharing of resources and information. It represents a comprehensive assemblage of interconnected entities, encompassing computers, servers, routers, and switches, which are meticulously linked to foster the seamless…

What is Malware? Malicious software, often abbreviated as malware, is a critical threat to contemporary computer systems. Perpetrators, ranging from lone hackers to organized cybercriminal syndicates and even state actors, deliberately develop this software with nefarious intent. Malware’s defining characteristics include its ability to self-replicate, its inherent malicious purpose to disrupt or compromise systems, and…

What is Longitude? Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth’s surface. It is one of the two coordinates used in the geographic coordinate system, with latitude being the other. Longitude is measured in degrees, with the Prime Meridian serving as the reference point for 0 degrees.…

What is LTE? Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication that offers high-speed data transfer and improved network capacity. It is a significant upgrade from traditional 3G networks, designed to address the increasing demand for high-speed mobile data caused by the proliferation of smartphones and connected devices. Significance of LTE LTE emerged…

What is Location Services? Location Services, also known as Location-Based Services (LBS), is a technology that uses location data to provide relevant information and services to users based on their geographical position. This technology combines Global Positioning System (GPS), cellular networks, and mobile computing to determine and transmit location information. LBS have become an integral…

What is LAN? A local area network (LAN) is a term used in computer networking to refer to a network that connects devices within a limited geographical location, such as an office building, school, or house. The main aim of LAN is to enable communication and sharing of resources among the connected devices in the…

What is latitude? Latitude is a core geographical concept determining the north-south positions on Earth and other celestial bodies. It is the angular distance from the Equator, and when put together with latitude, it creates a coordinate system that enables the precise location of any point on the Earth’s surface. A visual explanation of latitude…

What is a Landline Number? A landline number is a specific identifier assigned to a landline telephone, which is a communication device that transmits voice through physical cable or wire. Unlike cell phones or data-based telephone services, a dedicated link between the telephone exchange and the landline is required, which allows for direct communication between…

What is Keystroke? A keystroke is a tangible activity of hitting a key on the computer keyboard or typewriter, which generates a signal the computer or typewriter interprets to execute the desired function or to enter the target character. Keystrokes are needed to interact with the PC, input data, execute commands, and navigate into application…

What is Keylogger? A keylogger is a software or hardware that records keystrokes executed on a computer or mobile device. Commonly referred to as keystroke loggers, these tools are crafted to meticulously capture every keystroke made, encompassing sensitive data such as passwords, usernames, and other confidential information. Keyloggers serve diverse purposes, ranging from employee activity…

What is Jailbreak? Jailbreaking is accessing elevated privileges on iOS devices like iPhones and iPads by exploiting vulnerabilities within the operating system. It essentially constitutes a means of privilege escalation, enabling users to circumvent the constraints imposed by Apple and thereby access features and functionalities not ordinarily accessible through official channels. Comparison with Android Rooting…

What is an IP Address? An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is a distinct numerical identifier allocated to devices within a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol (IP) for communication. It fulfills dual roles: Network Interface Identification: This entails uniquely identifying a device’s network interface, facilitating communication within a network. Location Addressing: Through…

What is ISP? An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an entity responsible for furnishing Internet access and associated services to individuals, businesses, and organizations. ISPs are crucial in connecting users to the internet, enabling various online activities such as web browsing, email communication, video streaming, and other forms of online engagement. Furthermore, ISPs may extend…

What is IMEI? The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a distinctive 15-digit code assigned to each mobile phone or cellular device, functioning akin to a serial number for identification and tracking purposes within a network. Structure and Purpose IMEI structure encompasses 14 digits denoting the device’s particulars and a singular check digit for validation.…

What is IPS? An Indoor Positioning System (IPS) is a system designed to ascertain the location of individuals or objects within buildings and other indoor environments. Unlike Global Positioning System (GPS), which often proves ineffective indoors due to signal blockage, IPS leverages various technologies to offer precise positioning information. Technologies and Techniques Behind IPS Indoor…

What is an In-App Purchase? An in-app purchase is buying virtual goods or services within a mobile application or video game. These transactions are intended to enhance gameplay, unlock additional content, or offer cosmetic customizations. Types of In-App Purchases ModelDescriptionFreemium ModelGames that are free to download and play but offer optional purchases for cosmetic items,…

What is iCloud? iCloud, developed by Apple Inc., is a cloud storage and syncing service that enables users to store various data types, such as photos, videos, documents, and app data on Apple’s servers. This data can be accessed from any Apple device linked to the user’s account. Visuals of cloud storage services: A mobile…

What is a Hotspot? A hotspot is a location or area equipped with Wi-Fi access points, facilitating wireless Internet connectivity. This technology enables users with Wi-Fi-enabled devices like laptops, smartphones, or tablets to access the internet sans physical cables. Typically, established using wireless routers or access points linked to an internet service provider, hotspots transmit…

What is a GPS Tracker? A GPS tracker is a device leveraging the Global Positioning System (GPS) to pinpoint the exact location of an object or individual. It operates by receiving signals from a network of orbiting satellites, which are then utilized to calculate the precise coordinates. This data is subsequently transmitted to a central…

What is GPS Spoofing? GPS spoofing is the intentional manipulation of signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to deceive receivers into providing inaccurate location or time data. This manipulation is achieved by broadcasting false signals that mimic those transmitted by genuine satellites. Graphic representation of GPS spoofing, where a device receives false data,…

What is GSM? GSM, short for Global System for Mobile Communications, is a standard in mobile communication developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) that represents a pivotal moment in the evolution of 2G digital cellular networks. This technology, embraced worldwide, redefined global communication dynamics and laid the groundwork for today’s mobile industry landscape.…

What is GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system, catering to users worldwide with precise positioning and timing data. Initially conceived by the United States Department of Defense for military purposes, GPS has transcended its origins to become an indispensable tool across various civilian domains such as navigation, transportation, and…

What is GNSS? Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is a constellation of satellites that furnish positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) data globally. These systems employ a network of satellites encircling the Earth, emitting signals received by GNSS receivers on the ground. The receiver can ascertain its precise location by calculating signal travel time to the…

What is Geotagging? Geotagging is the inclusion of geographical identification metadata in different types of media files, such as photographs, videos, audio recordings, and social media posts. This embedded metadata typically includes latitude and longitude coordinates, enabling users to precisely determine the location where the media was captured or created. Visual example of geotagging: Photos…

What is geolocation? Geolocation is determining the exact geographic location of a person, device, or object. It utilizes different positioning technologies and techniques to ensure that the coordinates obtained are precise. Geopositioning, on the other hand, is the process of finding out the location of a person or object in relation to its current surroundings.…

What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool utilized to capture, analyze, manage, and visualize geographic data. It integrates diverse elements, encompassing hardware, software, and data, to construct a system adept at managing spatial information effectively. GIS facilitates the exploration, interpretation, and comprehension of relationships between distinct geographical features, empowering informed…

What is Geofencing? Geofencing is a technology that employs location-based services to establish virtual boundaries around physical geographic areas. These boundaries can be dynamically defined or preset depending on the specific requirements. When a device equipped with location services enters or exits a geofence, it activates predetermined actions such as sending notifications, triggering devices, or…

What is Find My? Find My is a feature by Apple that helps users locate lost or stolen iPhones, iPads, Macs, Apple Watches or even AirPods. It helps users trace their devices and take the required location-tracking measures whenever needed. Previously called Find My iPhone, the app was unified with the Find My Friends feature…

What is FTP? File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standardized communication protocol utilized for transferring computer files between a client and server across a network. Developed in the early 1970s, FTP has emerged as a cornerstone protocol of the internet. Its operational framework follows a client-server model, where the client initializes a connection with the…

What is Family Sharing? Family Sharing is a feature developed by Apple Inc. that enables users to share various digital content, subscriptions, and services with their family members. Introduced in 2014 with the release of iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite, it has since gained popularity as a convenient tool for families to manage their…

What is Family Link? Family Link is a comprehensive parental control service provided by Google, enabling parents to supervise and manage their children’s digital activities across multiple devices. With Family Link, parents can set content restrictions, approve app downloads, and effectively manage screen time. Infographic: Key features and user experiences with Google Family Link, highlighting…

What is End-to-End Encryption? End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) is a communication protocol ensuring only authorized parties can access transmitted messages. Its primary objective is to safeguard against unauthorized access and tampering of data. How it Works E2EE operates by encrypting data at the sender’s device and decrypting it at the recipient’s end. Encryption involves transforming plain…

What is Digital Footprint? A digital footprint is the trail of data and information left behind by individuals or organizations as a consequence of their online interactions. It constitutes a digital dossier that can be utilized to identify and trace individuals or entities. The digital footprint encompasses the cumulative record of one’s online engagements, comprising…

What is Data Roaming? Data roaming is the capability provided by wireless telecommunications networks that enable mobile users to maintain connectivity and access mobile data services when outside the geographical coverage area of their home network. It ensures uninterrupted access to mobile data services by allowing users to connect to mobile networks beyond their home…

What is Data Encryption? Data encryption is the conversion of readable data, termed plaintext, into an unintelligible form known as ciphertext. This transformation relies on encryption algorithms and keys, rendering the data indecipherable to unauthorized parties. Individuals possessing the appropriate decryption key can reverse the process, restoring the original plaintext. This ensures the security of…

What is a Data Breach? A data breach is the unauthorized access or disclosure of confidential, protected, or sensitive information. This happens when somebody infiltrates a system, network, or database and uses it for purposes that it was not created for. Data breaches can be very damaging both for people and for organizations, resulting in…

What is Data Anonymization? Data anonymization is the process where data is modified so that it cannot be linked to a particular person. This is accomplished by eliminating or modifying the personally identifiable information (PII) like name, address, social security number, and other specific identifiers. Organizations may still gain insights and analyze without revealing the…

What is Dark Web Scan? Dark Web Scan is a cybersecurity service that uses the dark web to locate and detect sensitive information. This service is designed to notify individuals or companies if their private information including credit card numbers, social security numbers, or passwords is compromised. Its applications consist among others of detection of…

What is Dark Web? The Dark Web is a section of the deep web that requires special tools, configurations, or authorization. It is this part of the internet that is deliberately obscured and is not discovered by standard web browsers. In contrast to the deep web, which contains all web pages not indexed by search…

What is Cybersecurity? Cybersecurity is the guardian of electronic data and systems, shielding them from unauthorized intrusions, data breaches, and cyber-attacks. It encompasses a variety of measures and techniques crafted to safeguard computer networks, devices, and information from internal and external threats. Considering that businesses, governments, and individuals rely heavily on computers and the Internet,…

What is Cyberbullying? Cyberbullying is the deliberate and repeated use of digital communication tools like social media, instant messaging, or email, to bully, intimidate or defame others. This sort of behavior usually aims at inflicting either emotional pain or damage to the victim, and it may come in different forms, including cyber harassment, online stalking,…

What is Country Code? A country code is a unique identifier usually assigned to a country or territory. These codes, comprising abbreviations or numbers, are the standard means to identify countries in various spheres of life, from international trade and data processing to telecommunications and Internet. Illustration of the world map, with examples of Country…

What is a Content Filter? A content filter, commonly referred to as internet filter software, is a powerful tool employed to control and manage access to content online. It serves as a tool for individuals and organizations, including governments, to limit what can be viewed or accessed on the internet, making the digital space appropriate…

What is CDMA? Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is an important channel access method employed in telecommunications. Unlike its counterparts such as Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), which allocate distinct time slots or frequency bands to individual users, CDMA facilitates multiple transmitters to concurrently transmit information over a singular communication channel. This…

What is Cloud Storage? Cloud storage is a remote data storage model where data is securely housed on multiple servers managed by cloud service providers. Unlike traditional storage methods such as hard drives or physical servers, cloud storage enables users to seamlessly store, retrieve, and manage their data from anywhere over the internet. Key Features…

What is CAPTCHA? CAPTCHA, or Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart, is a challenge-response test aimed at distinguishing human users from automated bots. Its fundamental objective is safeguarding websites and online services against automated threats such as spamming, data scraping, and brute-force login attempts. By presenting straightforward tasks for humans…

What is Caller ID? Caller ID is a telecommunication feature that shows the incoming caller’s telephone number and, at times, their name on the receiving device. It furnishes users with pertinent information about the caller before engaging with the call. The inception of this technology traces back to the 1960s, with its commercial availability emerging…

What is Bluetooth? Bluetooth is a close-range communication and data-transmission protocol that allows wireless communications between various electronic devices. It applies the 2.4GHz frequency band and transfers data over radio waves in both directions (transmission and receiving). Bluetooth was first created to replace physical connections between devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and peripherals. It…

What is a Background Check? A background check is a formal procedure employed to validate an individual’s past and acquire pertinent details regarding their history, primarily to ascertain their trustworthiness and suitability for specific positions or responsibilities. It entails a thorough investigation to uncover aspects such as criminal records, employment background, and educational qualifications, among…

What is an Area Code? Area code is a numerical code that is assigned to specific geographic regions for telecom communication purposes. This unique number sequence is an indispensable feature of phone numbers, serving the purpose of routing calls to the appropriate part of the city or to other regions of the world. Knowing about…

What is an API? An API, short for Application Programming Interface, serves as a standardized mediator within the software domain. It facilitates communication between different software components, including applications, libraries, and operating systems, by establishing protocols and guidelines for seamless data sharing. Schematic representation of the API communication process Components of an API: Specifications act…

What is Apple Push Notification service? Apple Push Notification service (APNs) is a delivery service provided by Apple to its iOS ecosystem which carries messages from remote servers to devices such as iPhones, iPads, and Macs. The role of the app server in all this is to act as an intermediary between the app server…

What is Apple ID? The Apple ID is an authentication system devised by Apple Inc., designed to provide users with a unified sign-on method for accessing a multitude of Apple services and products. Among these offerings are the App Store, iCloud, Apple Music, and several others. Through the establishment of an Apple ID, individuals gain…

What is AirTag? AirTag is a small tracking device made by Apple. It helps people find and keep track of their belongings, such as keys, wallets, bags, and more. This coin-shaped device attaches to any item and lets users find their things through the Find My network when paired with an Apple device. AirTag works…